the war in Lebanon - the archeological angle
[A friend has just started a column for Bloomberg on threats to the
natural environment and the cultural heritage.]
Israel-Hezbollah War Endangers Archaeological Sites, Ecosystems
Aug. 15 (Bloomberg) — The Roman temple complex in the Lebanese town
of Baalbek has somehow endured the region’s centuries of bloody-
minded conflict. But it may not survive the latest bombing raids of
Israeli fighter planes, which destroyed two buildings in the town
square and damaged the Temple of Bacchus.
The well-preserved structure, which has withstood wars and
earthquakes since its construction in 150 A.D., was cracked in the
raids. The nearby Temple of Jupiter, the largest religious structure
of the Roman Empire, is so far unscathed. Both buildings are among
the great examples of Roman architecture still standing.
Baalbek is just one of many archaeological treasure troves in the
Beqaa Valley to fall victim to shelling. In addition, the ancient
city of Tyre, with its important archaelogical sites and
architecture, also has come under fire. There is no information yet
on possible damage to the city’s Roman and Phoenician ruins,
according to Gaetano Palumbo, director of archaeological conservation
for the World Monuments Fund.
Beirut and Sidon, about 27 miles to the south, both have important
historic buildings going back to the 10th to 13th centuries, Palumbo
says. Among those structures is Chehabi Citadel in Hasbaya, which is
on the fund’s 2006 most-endangered list. A fortress for the armies of
the First Crusade in the 11th century, the Citadel was taken over in
the 12th by the Chehabi emirs, whose descendants occupy it to this day.
Damage in Arqa
Israeli bombing raids destroyed the modern bridge at Arqa, about 62
miles north of Beirut. Just 70 feet from that bridge, according to
the Biblical Archaeology Society, is an excavation site believed to
have been damaged in the pounding — including Hellene and Iron Age
pottery pieces and the structures that house them.
Israel is also getting hammered. Archaeologist Ryan Byrne, speaking
by telephone from Memphis, Tennessee, says he was forced to leave Tel
Dan, one of the more important sites in the Golan Heights near the
Israel-Lebanon border, after two of Hezbollah’s rockets hit a
megalithic cemetery nearby.
The site, which chronicles some 9,000 years of human history, is
better known for the world’s oldest intact arched gateway, a 4,000-
year-old, mud-brick structure now protected under a modern shelter
but still quite vulnerable to the errant missile.
Jeroboam’s Altar
No real damage was done here, but Byrne and his team have packed it
in and postponed further work until next summer. Also on site is an
altar set up by King Jeroboam. “Standing on top of it, you have a
good view of the war,” Byrne says.
Megiddo, or “Armageddon” as the Greeks like to call it, has been
home to 37 different cities over thousands of years and is a trove of
archaeological treasure. Excavators can see — and feel — incoming
missiles, but this Unesco World Heritage Site has not been directly
hit, yet.
Some Christians believe the Apocalypse is to take place here, with
Megiddo a staging area for the final battle between good and evil,
according to the Book of Revelation. Good is expected to prevail, a
victory that will presage the Rapture, in which the saved are
rewarded with eternal paradise, while the rest suffer the travails of
a violent earthly existence.
Archaeology sites and ancient temples aren’t the only cultural
attractions under fire. The Baalbeck International Festival shut down
on July 12, canceling the Eifman Ballet Theatre of St. Petersburg,
the Budapest Symphony Orchestra/Nice Opera joint production of
“Lucia di Lammermoor” and a rock concert by Deep Purple.
Environmental Toll
Another war casualty has been the environment. It will be a while
before we know the full extent of the ecological nightmare unleashed
by the Israeli strike on the power station in Jiyyeh, but we do know
that at least 13,000 tons of oil have spread over 93 miles of the
Mediterranean into Syrian waters, a spill that could grow to three
times that amount, at which point it will reach Exxon Valdez
proportions.
That oil slick, like the incontinent bombing from both sides, has no
regard for the sanctity of archaeology. Byblos, an ancient harbor 25
miles north of Beirut renowned for its Canaanite ruins, is now tarred
with oil. A few miles to the north, a tremendous rock wall carved by
the Phoenicians 2,800 years ago to protect their ships docked off
Batroun is likewise on the verge of getting a horrific lube job. But
a full assessment of the spillage — let alone cleanup efforts –
cannot even begin until the shelling stops completely and Israel
lifts its naval blockade.
Torching Forests
Israel, meanwhile, has its own eco-troubles. Forest fires — hundreds
of them — started by Hezbollah’s wayward Katyushas have torched
forests all over Galilee and environs. Thousands of acres of
grasslands in the Hula Valley are toast, as are at least a half-
million pine trees in the northern Galilee hills.
Just hours before the U.N. cease-fire resolution was to go into
effect, Israeli defense forces continued to pound eastern Lebanon,
while Hezbollah lobbed hundreds of missiles into northern Israel.
Israeli bombers also dropped a more benign payload over Beirut,
leaflets asking the Lebanese people, “Will you be able to pay this
price again?”
The answer, I think, is obvious. Destruction of history is a price
you pay only once.
(Mike Di Paola writes about preservation and the environment for
Bloomberg News. The opinions expressed are his own.)
To contact the writer responsible for this story: Mike Di Paola at
mdipaola@nyc.rr.com.